http://dspace.cityu.edu.hk:80/handle/2031/3598 Sun, 02 Jun 2013 14:37:32 GMT 2013-06-02T14:37:32Z http://dspace.cityu.edu.hk:80/handle/2031/3615 Title: Leadership emergence in conversations Authors: Harding, T. Matthew Abstract: Objectives: This study investigated the language used by leaders to maintain and gain their relative position. Specifically, this study examined the effect of interruptions, number of turns, and speech style on leadership emergence. It is hypothesized that the speaker who interrupts the most, who speaks the most, or who uses the most proactive speech will have higher power ratings and solidarity ratings. Methods: Eighty-six university students were randomly assigned to one of three conditions – number of interruptions, number of turns, and speech style – where these variables were manipulated to determine any cause and effect relationship between their presence and leadership emergence. They read a fictional conversation and filled out a questionnaire relating to the variables of relative power and solidarity among the ‘speakers’. Results: The results for the power variables upheld all of the researcher’s hypotheses, whereas the solidarity ratings countered the researcher’s hypotheses very conclusively in two of the three conditions. That is, the speaker who interrupted the most, who spoke the most, and who used the most proactive speech was considered more powerful, but least likable. However, the use of proactive speech had no effect on solidarity ratings. Discussion: Future research should focus on keeping participants involved in the process of leadership emergence. This might help clarify certain inconsistencies between the manuscript of a conversation and either viewing or taking part in the actual experience. Specifically, subjects might be able to notice the positive role that interruptions can play, or that speaking more may not necessarily be seen as overbearing. Sat, 01 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT http://dspace.cityu.edu.hk:80/handle/2031/3615 2005-01-01T00:00:00Z http://dspace.cityu.edu.hk:80/handle/2031/3614 Title: Effects of promotional framing on consumers' impulsive buying behaviors Authors: Wong, Leung Kai Abstract: Objectives: The two studies investigated the effect of promotional framing and stock-up characteristic on consumers’ impulsive buying behaviors. Methods: In Study 1, 52 undergraduate students, who were either exposed to positive promotional framing (i.e., “Buy 1, get 1 free”) or negative promotional framing (i.e., “50% off, for two”), were asked to indicate their impulse buying for the stock-up and non-stock-up items through a computer program. In Study 2, 80 undergraduate students were randomly assigned to one of the four following condition: (1) positive promotional framing and stock-up items, (2) positive promotional framing and non-stock-up items, (3) negative promotional framing and stock-up items, and (4) negative promotional framing and non-stock-up items. Then, they were asked to indicate their impulse buying through a computer program. Results: More impulse buying was found when promotional framing was positive than negative, however, this effect was not significant. Both studies indicated that there was an interaction effect between promotional framing (positive vs. negative) and stock-up characteristic (stock-up vs. non-stock-up) on the number of impulse buying. The results suggested that the main effect of promotional framing on the number of impulse buying was qualified by items’ stock-up characteristic. Discussion: The present findings on the relationship between promotional framing and stock-up characteristic on consumer’s impulsive buying behavior are highly applicable to various situations other than within the supermarket context per se. For example, a restaurant should frame their meals using a negative promotion (e.g., discount rate), instead of a positive promotion (e.g., free lunch set), because food is generally considered as non-stock-up. Thu, 01 Jan 2004 00:00:00 GMT http://dspace.cityu.edu.hk:80/handle/2031/3614 2004-01-01T00:00:00Z http://dspace.cityu.edu.hk:80/handle/2031/3612 Title: Study behavior and academic performance in face of resource limitation: the moderation of selection, optimization, and compensation Authors: Tam, Wai Yee Abstract: Objectives: This study examined whether the life management model of selection, optimization, and compensation (SOC) could moderate the relationship between study behavior and academic performance and how this moderating effect changed in face of resource limitation. Methods: Two hundred and thirty-seven university students completed questionnaires that assess their level of SOC, study behavior, self-efficacy, and academic performance. Results: Results showed that self-efficacy was positively associated with study behavior, which in turn, was positively associated with academic performance. For SOC, all component processes were positively related to study behavior, but only elective selection (ES) was a positive moderator on academic performance. There was no significant interaction effect between optimization and compensation, but both were positively related to self-efficacy. Discussion: The results demonstrate the importance of the relationships between SOC, study behavior, and academic performance. The relationships between these variables may be generalized to other behavior and may lead to other areas of improvement. Thu, 01 Jan 2004 00:00:00 GMT http://dspace.cityu.edu.hk:80/handle/2031/3612 2004-01-01T00:00:00Z http://dspace.cityu.edu.hk:80/handle/2031/3611 Title: Victimization and depression in Hong Kong adolescents: the effects of social support Authors: Cheung, Chiu Chung Abstract: Objectives: The study examined the relationship between depression and victimization (overt and relational), the buffering effect of social support, and the gender differences toward victimization among Hong Kong adolescents. Methods: Seven hundred and twelve boys and girls (aged 12 to 20) completed questionnaires that assess their level of depression, social support, and social experience. Results: The results indicated that both overt and relational victimization were strongly associated with depressive symptoms. Low parental, but not friends support, also increased depressive symptoms. However, contrary to expectation, no buffering effect of social support was found. Inconsistent with Western research, boys were found to report more relational victimization than girls. Discussion: The results suggest that reduction in victimization is important for preventing psychological problems. Schools and policies should concern and prevent the problem by promoting awareness about victimization and encouraging adolescents to seek for help. Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 GMT http://dspace.cityu.edu.hk:80/handle/2031/3611 2006-01-01T00:00:00Z